New Religious Movements Religion Free Essays

At the point when examined, thought about, and investigated, each religion †however said to be essentially comparable in that all accept and love a divine being/divine beings †is really not quite the same as one another in numerous regards. Before handling assorted varieties be that as it may, it is smarter to begin with likenesses. Numerous individuals see all disciples of any religions share at any rate certain shared traits, for example, recorded roots, rehearses/ceremonies, and conventions. We will compose a custom exposition test on New Religious Movements Religion or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now At the end of the day, to be viewed as strict, one must be a supporter of a specific type of custom/practice recommended by an originator or master, an admirer or adherent of a divine being †whatever or whoever that god may be. When taken a gander at the surface, this may be valid. Nonetheless, looking carefully and searching out the subtleties, one can discover genuine decent varieties. For instance, for a Jew and a Muslim, Christianity is a religion spoken to by Vatican and the pope as its delegate. To the eyes of these two, no distinctions at all are recognized between a sincere Roman Catholic and a Protestant and a Mormon. Obviously when explored, stamped contrasts rise to the top and the underlying apparently brought together likenesses are no more. All things considered, contrasts are underscored each time there happens en route a deviation from the basics of any religion. Throughout the entire existence of Christianity alone, factions are either a deviation or an arrival to its underlying foundations (Adherents.com, 2007). Impacts of Religious Pluralism Post your reaction to this inquiry: What impact do you figure strict pluralism and the interfaith development will have on the eventual fate of sorted out religion? Clarify your answer. Strict pluralism and interfaith development are as of late pushed by defenders from various religions with certain political points. For example, during Holy Week in 1971, there were numerous shows led by various strict gatherings to voice their antiwar fights. Teacher Robert McAfee Brown of Stanford University was among those captured for hindering the route to a draft board office in Berkeley, California. He said he decided to lecture his lesson â€Å"not in a congregation however on an asphalt, not with words yet with a deed† (Microsoft Encarta, 2007). In spite of the fact that there are sure advantages to it as far as rights, there are likewise drawbacks and incalculable harms that may have made ready for additional disarray later on. In what ways has finding out about world religions affected the manner in which you think about religion? For what reason is it critical to find out about other peoples’ convictions and mentalities? In what capacity will you use this data later on? Information on World religions Information on the various religions of the world and their adherents’ convictions and practices is important for a superior comprehension of various people groups and societies. Strict resistance implies distinctively when taken in the light of this undertaking. The capacity to comprehend world religions and acknowledge individuals as a result of their various influences and convictions mean a progressively empathic and sympathetic position towards any gathering, ethnic or strict array. The individuals who vary from us won't be viewed as foes, which regularly have become a typical encounter (Adherents.com, 2007). Reference: ________ Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, 2007. Recovered March 11, 2008 http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html ________ Microsoft Encarta. 2007. Step by step instructions to refer to New Religious Movements Religion, Essay models

Financial Market in Abu Dhabi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monetary Market in Abu Dhabi - Essay Example The worldwide situations where the systems have been executed to build up the money related markets have changed definitely as a result of the general monetary emergency. Be that as it may, the GCC (for example the Corporation Council of the Arab States in the Gulf Region) gets an opportunity to prevail with regards to building up the money related markets and subsequently advancing their seriousness. Financial condition in the GCC showcase is bolstered by the region’s riches because of their high oil and gas supplies. The previous hardly any long stretches of monetary strife have likewise called attention to the difficulties and the need to a greater and progressively compelling and develop money related markets. There are an enormous number of basic components which will decide the advancement prospect identified with the money related markets in the Gulf locale in the following barely any years (Deutsche Bank AG, 2012). ... Abu Dhabi: Leading in the Middle East locale in regard of the Investors Confidence Abu Dhabi is seen as a passageway for the majority of the financial specialists in view of its area, the monetary strategies which are business neighborly in nature and furthermore the advances in various areas. As indicated by the speculators, they are certain that the money related market of this nation is perhaps the best choice where they can make ventures. Joined Arab Emirates is driving the Middle East district regarding picking up the investor’s certainty. Abu Dhabi has gotten one of the top goals for making venture. It will keep on growing on account of its positive experience, astounding exhibitions and the fascination of the new speculators in putting resources into its budgetary market. Abu Dhabi Financial Market United Arab Emirates recently had a casual securities exchange from the year 1986 with in excess of ninety recorded organizations recorded in this securities exchange and exc hanged from here. Be that as it may, the exchanging was confined to portions of just 32 to 36 organizations in light of the fact that the portions of the vast majority of the organizations were held by government or high total assets people. The casual market of United Arab Emirates existed before the foundation of the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange (ADX) in Abu Dhabi and Dubai Financial Market (DFM) in Dubai in the year 2000. Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange was built up on fifteenth November 2000 by the Local Law No. (3) 2000. It was set up as one of the legitimate elements with independent status. Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange has the legitimate authority of building up branches and focuses outside the Emirates of Abu Dhabi. As of now, ADX has its activities in Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah and Zaayed City and

Pepsi Cola Brand Architecture

Pepsi Cola Brand Architecture Pepsi Cola Brand Architecture Home›Marketing Posts›Pepsi Cola Brand Architecture Marketing PostsPepsiCo’s brand portfolio is made by hundreds brands in nearly 200 countries around the globe. PepsiCo is involved in soft drink but also in other product such as snacks. The firm’s main brand is Pepsi-Cola, which is well known all over the world thanks to its long history of 100 years. The company owns other divisions such as Frito-Lay that are continuing to grow snacks all over the world. Tropicana Products is another division of PepsiCo which is committed to produce and market fruit juices. Quaker Brands are a wide range of healthy food choices whereas Gatorade is a division involved in sports nutrition research. It can be seen that PepsiCo’s brand portfolio includes plenty of brand but not all of them are related to soft drink (Bremner, 2006).Pepsi produces a range of food staffs which are a total of about 20 beverages with Pepsi-cola and 7Up being a amongst it highest selli ng brands in the United states common amongst persons of all ages. Gatorade is now a beverage brand which came about after the merge of PepsiCo and one of its competitors the name however still remained despite it being produced by a different company and also in this was Tropicana (Byrnes, 2010). The other division is that of the food and snacks such as Mirinda, Kurkure; Red Rock including a number of others all which are distributed all over the world.A sub brand can allow a master brand with too broad an appeal to access niche segments. For example, Pepsi with hit huge, broad brand basically hit a wall and needed to create sub brand around the Pepsi (John, et al. 1998). By this it means that Pepsi as a beverage grew from the competition from which it received and this prompted it to come up with new products to counter it.   Coming up with sub brands makes it easy to have more identity to the main by also having a huge range to pick from and increase purchase of its products (Bre mner, 2006).Examples of companies with strong brands that are wary of brand cannibalization are Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co. Besides being amongst the top brands, when venturing into other sectors of the business, they come up with new brands rather using the same names for all. This way, the business expands on an array of products by having a novel item at all times. Brand extension this is the way in which a company decides to adopt different market in a new category other than one that is used often and can be good for the creation of stability and worth of the company (Bremner, 2006). The above part shows ways in which in venturing other markets one does not take up the same name but is best to have a different name.The company’s branding systems has enabled the company to penetrate to different parts of the world (Keller, Aaker, 1992). The core similarity between Pepsi and Coca-Cola on branding lies on the companies’ deployment of hybrid system in marketing its products around the globe (The Editor, 2010). However, Pepsi employs unitary mode of brand architecture where marketing of its products reflects the company image through the established marketing techniques by the corporate (James, 2006). The fact that the company has managed to establish a brand system in various countries that it operates indicates its strength in creating a unified mode of operations identi9fied with the company. The promote establishment of a harmonizing organizational culture that reflects structure established in various institutions to propel sale and the entire company to greater heights.The hybrid system in the market is one that aims at venturing all markets and getting what is best in a competitive market. The marketing also involves marketing by having in their refrigerators only their respective brands of products and in this way maintain a healthy and competitive environment. Having as many distribution outlets as possible is enough to create a venture that is more suited to the customers’ convenience (Humperson, Quandt, 1980). This also includes the involvement of a strategic advertisement of using different celebrities in their advertisement as one way that can increasingly change the attitudes of the consumers the neck to neck competition will be more of the increased profits.

Short Story - 1158 Words

that allows scientist to take objects apart to see how they function. Once done, the scientist can rebuild their technology based on the information gathered. It was at that moment when Sam began to wonder where the technology could have originated from. Something was telling him that it was otherworldly in origin. The sky was as dark as they had ever seen it. The piercing bright stars in contrast with the black emptiness of space resembled a backlight canopy with holes punched in it. Without the light pollution of the large city, the two could see every star in its purity. The sounds of nature were soothing and terrifying at the same time. The sounds coming from the forest resembled nothing they had heard before. They tried not to imagine†¦show more content†¦Even though the object was several miles from the crystal, the boys could clearly see it rising over the horizon. It was gigantic! Dirt and water poured off the object. It looked as if it had been there for decades and had somehow become part of the landscape. Other than the humming noise it was complete silence. The objects floated without any signs of propulsion. It was as if the objects were alive, somehow communication with one another. When one would flash a specific color, the other would seem to respond with another. They looked like machines but acted alive. The way the objects surrounded the crashed object suggested they were there to help. They resembled a heard of elephants surrounding an injured calf. A bright orb that glowed in a brilliant shade of blue approached Sam and Dean. Both were overtaken with a sense of solitude, kindness, and love. It was as if this intelligence communicated with them. Somehow, they felt feelings that couldn’t be explained. It seemed that the object was thanking them for something. However, they had yet to understand the complexity of the message. At this point, the bright light faded to solid black. Both boys awoke in the museum laying on their back. A security guard turned the corner and as ked the boys if they were ok. They looked at one another and nodded yes. Sam said, â€Å"Yes sir we are ok, just came to look at the giant crystal.† The security guard laughed at Sam and replied, â€Å"You call that a giant crystal?† The twoShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder And Its Holocaust - 2899 Words

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and its Victims By: Madeline Fox Dr. Kappas PSY A345 November 29,2014 Abstract Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a very common condition in which the client shows certain symptoms. The condition is based off of traumatic experiences and if not treated properly can have some very serious life threatening issues. Also it is important to note that this condition can occur to anyone at any point in their lives. All it takes is one little mishap and depending on the outcome or the person, they can develop the symptoms that can potentially hurt them even worse than the event that occurred hurt. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and its Victims Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)†¦show more content†¦PTSD can happen to people of all ages, there is no set number in determining when someone will develop it. There are however certain factors that may increase ones probability of the condition being reached. These factors include: experiencing long lasting trauma, experiencing other trauma earlier in life, such as child abuse or neglect, having a job that exposes more traumatic events than normal jobs do, having mental health problems, a lack of support from family and friends, and having blood related family who have mental health problems. (Help Guide, 2014) Researchers are working on what genes cause fear and have turned up some great results. They found that Stathmin, a protein that forms fear memories, cause mice to freeze which is a survival technique. The mice that they tested during their study were more willing to go into open spaces than normal mice were. GRP si gnals the brain during emotional events. As researchers found, it helps mice to control fear. A version of 5-HTTLPR gene is known to control serotonin levels. The overall findings done on genes linked to PTSD is that there are many that are at work in PTSD. (The National Institute of Mental Health, 2014). The most common types of traumatic events that people with PTSD have lived through

Translation of Phraseological Units with Animal Names Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Phraseology is a study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units, in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently. The classification of phraseological units can be different. According to Vinogradov, there are phraseological combinations, unities and fussions. We will write a custom essay sample on Translation of Phraseological Units with Animal Names or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Koonin’s classification is the latest outstanding achievement in the Russian theory of phraseology. The classification is based on the combined structural – semantic principle and it also considers the quotient of stability of phraseological units. It is represented by nominative phraseological units, nominative – communicative phraseological units, phraseological units – which are neither nominative nor communicative include interjectional word-groups and communicative phraseological units. My research is related to the phraseological units with zoonimical component and their semantic structure. Zoonims, that are used in our language, are really meaningful, they are directed to the allegorical characteristic, probably metaphorical and stylistically emphasized. The aim of this research is to explore deeper the given phraseological units. I have set such objectives: 1) to explicate a concept of phraseological unit with zoonimical component and to reveal the regularities of their usage; 2) to analyse their semantic and structural peculiarities. The methods investigation research strategy are as followed: 1) method of the system analysis, that is a study of the subject of the investigation as a totality of elements, that create a system; 2) descriptive method, that gives the full description of phraseological units. The object of my investigation is the phraseological units with zoonimical component. The subject is the expressive means of Modern English phraseological units. These means are the morphological, syntactical, phonetic and lexical peculiarities of these phraseological units. Theoretical and practical value of the research consists in that fact, that nowadays there is a small amount of investigations about phraseological units with zoonimical component. Besides, the researches in the area of phraseology have become popular in the last decades. The results of this study are also important for the translation, as the translator should know the peculiarities of different idioms, in this case with zoonimical component. Composition of the research paper: The research consists of the introduction, two chapters, that are theoretical and practical parts, the conclusion and the bibliography. How to cite Translation of Phraseological Units with Animal Names, Essay examples

Coke vs. Pepsi Fighting for Foreign Markets Novem Essay Example For Students

Coke vs. Pepsi: Fighting for Foreign Markets Novem Essay Coke vs. Pepsi: Fighting for Foreign MarketsNovember 27, 1995Introduction The soft-drink battleground has now turned toward new overseas markets. While once the United States, Australia, Japan, and Western Europe were the dominant soft-drink markets, the growth has slowed down dramatically, but they are still important markets for Coca-Cola and Pepsi. However, Eastern Europe, Mexico, China, Saudi Arabia, and India have become the new hot spots. Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi are forming joint bottling ventures in these nations and in other areas where they see growth potential. As we have seen, international marketing can be very complex. Many issues have to be resolved before a company can even consider entering uncharted foreign waters. This becomes very evident as one begins to study the international cola wars. The domestic cola war between Coca-Cola and Pepsi is still raging. However, the two soft-drink giants also recognize that opportunities for growth in many of the mature markets have slowed. Both Coca-Cola, which sold 10 billion cases of soft-drinks in 1992, and Pepsi now find themselves asking, Where will sales of the next 10 billion cases come from? The answer lies in the developing world, where income levels and appetites for Western products are at an all time high.Often, the company that gets into a foreign market first usually dominates that countrys market. Coke patriarch Robert Woodruff realized this 50 years ago and unleashed a brilliant ploy to make Coke the early bird in many of the major foreign markets. At the height of World War II, Woodruff proclaimed that Awherever American boys were fighting, theyd be able to get a emailprotected By the time Pepsi tried to make its first international pitch in the 50s, Coke had already established its brand name and a powerful distribution network. In the intervening 40 years, many new markets have emerged. In order to profit from these markets, both Coke and Pepsi need to find ways to cut through all of th e red tape that initially prevents them from conducting business in these markets. This paper seeks to examine these markets and the opportunities and roadblocks that lie within each.Coke and Pepsi in Russia: In 1972, Pepsi signed an agreement with the Soviet Union which made it the first Western product to be sold to consumers in Russia. This was a landmark agreement and gave Pepsi the first-mover advantage. Presently, Pepsi has 23 plants in the former Soviet Union and is the leader in the soft-drink industry in Russia. Pepsi outsells Coca-Cola by 6 to 1 and is seen as a local brand. Also, Pepsi must counter trade its concentrate with Russias Stolichnaya vodka since rubles are not tradable on the world market. However, Pepsi has also had some problems. There has not been an increase in brand loyalty for Pepsi since its advertising blitz in Russia, even though it has produced commercials tailored to the Russian market and has sponsored television concerts. On the positive side, Peps i may be leading Coca-Cola due to the big difference in price between the two colas. While Pepsi sells for Rb250 (25 cents), Coca-Cola sells for Rb450. For the economy size, Pepsi sells 2 liters for Rb1,300, but Coca-Cola sells 1.5 liters for Rb1,800.Coca-Cola, on the other hand, only moved into Russia 2 years ago and is manufactured locally in Moscow and St. Petersburg under a license. Despite investing $85 million in these two bottling plants, they do not perceive Coca-Cola as a premium brand in the Russian market.Moreover, they see it as a foreign brand in Russia. Lastly, while Coca-Colas bottle and label give it a high-class image, it is unable to capture market share. Coke and Pepsi in Romania: Romania is the second largest central European market after Poland, and this makes it a hot battleground for Coca-Cola and Pepsi. When Pepsi established a bottling plant in Romania in 1965, it became the first U.S. product produced and sold in the region. Pepsi began producing locally du ring the communist period and has recently decided to reorganize and retrain its local staff. Pepsi entered into a joint venture with a local firm, Flora and Quadrant, for its Bucharest plant, and has 5 other factories in Romania. Quadrant leases Pepsi the equipment and handles Pepsis distribution. In addition, Pepsi bought 500 Romanian trucks which are also used for distribution in other countries. Moreover, Pepsi produces its bottles locally through an investment in the glass industry. While the price of Pepsi and Coca-Cola are the same (@15 cents/bottle), some consumers drink Pepsi because Pepsi sent Michael Jackson to Romania for a concert. Another reason for drinking Pepsi is that it is slightly sweeter than Coca-Cola and is more suited for the sweet-toothed Romanians. Lastly, some drink Pepsi because, in the past, only top officials were allowed to drink it, but now everyone can. Coca-Cola only began producing locally in November 1991, but it is outselling all of its competito rs. In 1992, Coca-Cola saw an increase in Romania of sales by 99.2% and outsold Pepsi by 6 to 5. While Pepsi preferred to buy its equipment from Romania, Coca-Cola preferred to bring equipment into Romania. Also, Coca-Cola brought 2 bottlers to Romania. One is the Leventis Group, which is privately owned. Coca-Cola has invested almost $25 million into 2 factories. These factories are double the size of the factory Pepsi has in Bucharest. Moreover, Coca-Cola has a partnership with a local company, Ci-Co, in Bucharest and Brasov. Ci-Co has planned an aggressive publicity campaign and has sponsored local sporting and cultural events. Lastly, Romanians drink Coke because it is a powerful western symbol which was once forbidden. Coke and Pepsi in The Czech Republic: The key to success in the Czech Republic is for both Coca-Cola and Pepsi to increase the annual consumption of soft-drinks.Per capita consumption of beer, the national drink in the Czech Republic, exceeds that of soft-drinks by 3 to 1(165 liters of beer per capita of beer versus 50 liters of soft-drinks).Both companies are trying to increase their market share because distribution for both products is no longer as limited as it was in 1989.Coca-Cola and Pepsi face stiff competition from domestic producers, whose products are lower-priced.Because of this, domestic producers have a market share of about 60%.Coca-Cola and Pepsi each have a market share between 10%-25%.Another problem in the Czech Republic is that many people think that Coca-Cola and Pepsi are produced by the same company. Recently, Pepsi opened an office in Prague. Coca-Cola, on the other hand, has been trying to convince local shop owners to stock and circulate its product. The main apprehension may be that the price of Coke is twice the price of locally produced colas and a little higher than Pepsi. Coca-Cola has arrangements with 4 domestic bottling companies and acquired a new plant in 1992 in which it has invested almost $20 million. This may be one reason why Coca-Cola is closing in on Pepsis lead in the Czech Republic. Coke and Pepsi in Hungary: Traditionally, Pepsi held the lead in Hungary with a strategy of putting the infrastructure in place, upgrading it, and then marketing to the consumer. Pepsi plans to invest $115 million which includes acquiring FAU, an Eastern European bottler. Because of this, Pepsi will have greater control over distribution and quality. In May of 1993, Pepsi introduced Pepsi Light and had outdoor and television advertising blitzes. Coca Cola, on the other hand, introduced Coke Light in the beginning of 1993, but did not mention its product name during the first few weeks of promotional advertising. Coca-Colas strategy was to advertise internationally for Central Europe. Hungarians saw the Always Coca-Cola commercials, along with the rest of the world, in April 1993. In 1992, Coca-Cola lead Pepsi. In addition, Coca-Cola participates in counter trade agreements with Hungary. Coca-Col a trades its concentrate for glass bottles which are exported and then sold to bottlers.Coke and Pepsi in Poland:Poland, with a population of 38 million people, is the biggest consumer market in central and eastern Europe. Coca-Cola is closing in on Pepsis lead in this country with 1992 sales of 19.5 million cases versus Pepsis sales of 26.5 million cases. The main problems in this area are the centralized economy, the lack of modern production facilities, a non-convertible local currency, and poor distribution. However, since the zloty is now convertible, Coca-Cola realizes the growth potential in Poland. After Fiat, Coca-Cola is now the second biggest investor in Poland.Coca-Cola has developed an investment plan which includes direct investment and joint ventures/investments with European bottling partners. Its investments may exceed $250 million, and it has completed the infrastructure building. Coca-Cola has divided Poland into 8 regions with strategic sites in each of these are as. Moreover, it has organized a distribution network to make sure its products are widely available. This distribution network, which Coca-Cola has spent a lot of money organizing, is extremely important to challenge Pepsis market share and to maintain a high level of customer service. Also, Coca-Cola, like Pepsi, signed counter trade agreements with Poland. Both trade their concentrate for Polish beer. All of this has helped Coca-Cola to close in on Pepsis lead in Poland. Conclusion on Eastern Europe: Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi are trying to have their colas available in as many locations in Eastern Europe, but at a cost which consumers would be willing to pay. The concepts which are becoming more important in Eastern Europe include color, product attractiveness visibility, and display quality. In addition, availability (meeting local demand by increasing production locally), acceptability (building brand equity), and afford ability (pricing higher than local brands, but adapting to local conditions) are the key factors for Eastern Europe. Both companies hope that their western images and brand products will help to boost their sales. Coca-Cola has a universal message and campaign since it feels that Eastern Europe is part of the world and should not be treated differently. Currently, it is difficult to say who is winning the cola wars since the data from the relatively new market research firms focusses on major cities. Pepsi had a commanding 4 to 1 lead in 1992 in the former Soviet Union. Without this area, Coca-Cola has a 17% share versus Pepsis 12% share in the soft drink industry. While both companies have been in Eastern Europe for many years, the main task now is to develop the market. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are in a dogfight, but both will end up as winners. In the end, the ultimate winner will be the Eastern Europeans who will have access to some of the worlds best soft drinks. Coke and Pepsi in Mexico: The Mexican government recently freed the Mexican s oft drink market from nearly 40 years of price controls in return for a commitment from bottling companies to invest nearly $4.5 billion and create nearly 55,000 jobs over the next 7 years. Naturally, Mexico has become another battleground in the international cola wars. In Mexico, Coca-Cola and Pepsi command 50% and 21% of the market respectively. The cola war is especially hot here because the per capita consumption of Coca-Cola and Pepsi exceeds that of the United States (Murphy, 6). Mexico is the only soft-drink market in the world that can make this claim. The face off in Mexico is between Gemex, the largest Pepsi bottler outside the United States, and Femsa, the beer and soft drink company that owns the largest Coca-Cola franchise in the world. Femsa, however, may be at a disadvantage. Despite being part of the conglomerate Grupo Vista, Femsa lacks financial punch because it plays only a small part in the conglomerates overall interests. The challenge in Mexico is to win marke t share through distribution efficiency (Murphy, 6). With this in mind, each company is undertaking strategic efforts designed to bolster their shares of the Mexican market. Pepsi is moving in on the Coke-dominated Yucatan peninsula while Femsa, the Coca-Cola franchisee, is planning to invest $600 million more for 3 new Coca-Cola plants next door to Gemexs Mexico City facilities. The parent companies have joined the battles as well. Coca-Cola has made a $3 billion long-term commitment to the Mexican market, and Pepsi has countered with a $750 million investment of its own. Coke and Pepsi in China: Coca-Cola originally entered China in 1927, but left in 1949 when the Communists took over the country. In 1979, it returned with a shipment of 30,000 cases from Hong Kong. Pepsi, which only entered China in 1982, is trying to be the leading soft-drink producer in China by the year 2000. Even though Coca-Colas head start in China has given it an edge, there is plenty of room in the country for both companies. Currently, Coca-Cola and Pepsi control 15% and 7% of the Chinese soft-drink market respectively. The Chinese market presents unique problems. For example, 2,800 local soft-drink bottlers, many of whom are state-owned, control nearly 75% of the Chinese market. Those bottlers located in remote areas have virtual monopolies (The Economist, 67). The battle for China will take place in the interior regions. These areas are unpenetrated as most of the foreign soft-drink producers have set up in the booming coastal cities. Chinas high transportation and distribution costs mean that plants must be located close to their markets. Otherwise, in a country of Chinas size, Coca-Cola and Pepsi risk pricing their products as luxury items. In China, it is easier and politically safer to expand through joint ventures with local bottlers. It is expected that, in China, the company that wins the cola war will win based on the locations of their bottling plants and the quality of t he partners they choose (The Economist, 67). Coca-Cola is bottled at 13 sites across China; five of these are state-owned. Also, Coca-Cola owns 2 concentrate plants in China. By 1996, Coca-Cola and its joint venture partners will have invested nearly $500 million in China. Pepsi is planning a $350 million expansion plan that will add 10 new plants. Both companies are ploughing profits straight back into expansion. They reason that any returns will not come until the next century. Coke and Pepsi in Sandia Arabia: In Saudi Arabia, Pepsi is the market leader and has been for nearly a generation. Part of this is due to the absence of its arch-rival, Coca-Cola. For nearly 25 years, Coke has been exiled from the desert kingdom. Coca-Colas presence in Israel meant that it was subject to an Arab boycott. Because of this, Pepsi has an 80% share of the $1 billion Saudi soft-drink market. Saudi Arabia is Pepsis third largest foreign market, after Mexico and Canada (The Economist, 86). In 1993, almost 7% of Pepsi-Cola Internationals sales came from Saudi Arabia alone. The environment in Saudi Arabia makes the country very conducive to soft-drink sales:alcohol is banned, the climate is hot and dry, the population is growing at 3.5% a year, and the Saudis oil-based wealth make it the most valuable market in the Middle East (The Economist, 86).Coca-Cola, long known as red Pepsi, has finally started to fight back. The battle for Saudi Arabia actually began 6 years ago, when the Arab boycott collapsed and Coca-Cola began to make inroads into the Gulf, Egypt, Lebanon, and Jordan. The start of the Gulf War, however, temporarily stunted Coca-Colas growth in the region. Pepsis 5 Saudi factories worked 24 hours a day to keep the troops refreshed. The most significant blow to Coca-Colas return to the desert, however, came at the end of the war, when General Norman Schwarzkopf was shown signing the cease-fire with a can of diet Pepsi in his hand. Coca-Cola aims to control 35% of the Saudi market by the year 2000.Coca-Cola, which plans to pour over $100 million into the Saudi market, is focusing on marketing to get there. Recently, it shipped some 20,000 red coolers into Saudi Arabia over the last 9 months. Also, Coca-Cola put $1 million into sponsoring the Saudi World Cup soccer team. This alone has doubled Coca-Colas market share to almost 15%. Americas Reynolds Company is among the investors looking to cash in on Coca-Colas return to Saudi Arabia. The company is among the investors in a new factory which, by 1996, will be producing 1.2 billion Coca-Cola cans per year. This equates to nearly 100 cans for every Saudi in the country. Pepsi, trying to fight off the Coca-Cola onslaught, has responded with deep discounting. Coke and Pepsi in India: Coca-Cola controlled the Indian market until 1977, when the Janata Party beat the Congress Party of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. To punish Coca-Colas principal bottler, a Congress Party stalwart and longtime Gandhi supporter, the Janata government demanded that Coca-Cola transfer its syrup formula to an Indian subsidiary (Chakravarty, 43). Coca-Cola balked and withdrew from the country. India, now left without both Coca-Cola and Pepsi, became a protected market. In the meantime, Indias two largest soft-drink producers have gotten rich and lazy while controlling 80% of the Indian market. These domestic producers have little incentive to expand their plants or develop the countrys potentially enormous market (Chakravarty, 43). Some analysts reason that the Indian market may be more lucrative than the Chinese market. India has 850 million potential customers, 150 million of whom comprise the middle class, with disposable income to spend on cars, VCRs, and computers. The Indian middle class is growing at 10% per year. To obtain the license for India, Pepsi had to export $5 of locally-made products for every $1 of materials it imported, and it had to agree to help the Indian government to initiate a second agricultural revolution. Pepsi has also had to take on Indian partners. In the end, all parties involved seem to come out ahead: Pepsi gains access to a potentially enormous market; Indian bottlers will get to serve a market that is expanding rapidly because of competition; and the Indian consumer benefits from the competition from abroad and will pay lower prices. Even before the first bottle of Pepsi hit the shelves, local soft drink manufacturers increased the size of their bottles by 25% without raising costs.Conclusion: The new battleground for the cola wars is in the developing markets of Eastern Europe (Russia, Romania, The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland), Mexico, China, Saudi Arabia, and India. With Coca-Colas and Pepsis investments in these countries, not only will they increase their sales worldwide, but they will also help to build up these economies. These long-term commitments by both companies will raise the level of competition and efficiency, and at th e same time, bring value to the distribution and production systems of these countries. Many issues need to be overcome before a company can begin to produce its goods in a foreign country. These issues include political, social, economic, operational, and environmental topics which must be addressed. When companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi effectively analyze and solve these problems to everyones liking, new foreign markets can translate into lucrative opportunities in the long run. Works Cited A red line in the sand, Economist, October 1, 1994, p. 86. Chakravarty, Subrata N. How Pepsi broke into India, Forbes, November 27, 1989, pp. 43-44. Clifford, Mark. How Coke Excels, Far Eastern Economic Review, December 30, 1993- January 6, 1994, p. 39. Coke v Pepsi, The Economist, January 29, 1994, pp. 67-68. DeNitto, Emily. Pepsi, Coke think international for future growth, Advertising Age, October 3, 1994, p. 44. Murphy, Helen. Cola war erupts in Mexico, Corporate Finance, May 1993, pp. 6-7. Quelch, John A., Erich Joachimsthaler, and Jose Luis Nueno, After the Wall: Marketing Guidelines for Eastern Europe, Sloan Management Review, Winter 1991, pp. 82-93. Selling in Russia: The march on Moscow, The Economist, March 10, 1995, pp. 65-66. Stevens, Clifford. Soft drink wars: Pepsi vs Coke, Central European, July/August 1993, pp. 29-35. Winters, Patricia and Scott Hume. Pepsi, Coke: Art of deal-making, Advertising Age, February 19, 1990, p. 45. Kuntz 13 For Whom the Bell Tolls1 Essay