Communication Across for World Trade Attack- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommunication Across for World Trade Attack. Answer: Since the time of the colonization of the Arab World to the period of the World Trade Attack, modern world have help negative perceptions about the upbringing and cultures of people living in the Middle East[1]. This negative attitude and stereotypes against the Middle East people reflects in the way Arab characters are portrayed in moves and televisions. Apart from viewing them as outright terrorist, people residing in this place are regarded as mysterious and having misogynistic characters[2]. Hence, Middle East people are often overemphasized and exaggerated in European and U.S films indicating reinforcement of orientalist perspective in film making. However, the truthfulness of such portrayal is questioned because Middle East people are not from Islamic culture only, many Christian people also resides in Middle East countries. It is necessary to critically analyze this negative stereotyping of Middle Eastern people because it is leading to harmful consequence such as bullying, di scrimination and racial profiling. The orientalist approach is explored in detail by the analysis of the film Hurt Locker. The essay examines the film to determine the manner of portrayal of Middle East and its inhabitants in films and identify whether negative or positive stereotypes exists. The review and analysis of the Aladdin (1992) gives insight into the portrayal of the Middle East and its inhabitants in films. It was musical animated fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and directed by John Musker. The film set in the fictional state of Agrabah portrays the character of a peddler who explains the story about the oil lamp to the public. Meanwhile, Jafar, the Grand Vizier of the Sultan is in search of the lamp hidden in the Cave of Wanders and he seeks the help of a street urchin named Aladdin. A romantic angle between Aladdin and Princess Jasmine is seen, however Jafar secretly captures Aladdin and disguise as an old man to set him free. In return, Jafar ask Aladdin and his monkey to retrieve the lamp. This is followed by several fantasy inside the cave and the release of Genie from the lamp. However, at last Aladdin becomes lucky as Genie explains that he has become his master and can ask any three wished. Aladdin used his trick to free himself from the c ave and fulfill his personal interest. However, several face-off is seen with Aladdin when Jafar steals the lamp and uses it for negative purpose such as usurping Aladdin from the Sultan position, trapping Jasmine into a magical hourglass and become the worlds most powerful sorcerer. The film reaches to its climax when Aladdin tricks Jafar by stating that Genie is the most powerful being in the world and he should use his last wish to become one. This resulted in Jafar being sucked into his own lamp and finally the Sultan alters the law to allow Aladdin too marry Jasmine[3]. Hence, finally the film ends with a positive note. Although the film synopsis makes it difficult to understand any negative stereotypes against the Middle East, however a song sung by an Arab character in the movies depicts negative perceptions about people residing in the Middle East. The lyrics of the song was Where theey cut off your ear, if they dont like your face, its barbaric. This line in the song was opposed by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee as it was regarded as a discriminatory lyrics[4]. The character of Aladdin in the film was also portrayed in a stereotypical light. In the film, Aladdin has been depicted as a poor orphan and his home is a depiction of a life in poverty. In the film, Aladdin has been showed stealing food for survival. This reflects perception about Arabs and common stereotypes related to culture of Middle East people[5]. The stereotyped image of Arabs in American and Western Media has been extensively research and a study suggested that this ugly portrayal of negative stereotypes of Arab s transforms the perceptions of a child and similar perceptions stays with them till adulthood too. Just like the character in Aladdin film, Arabs has been dehumanized and portrayed as bad character in television shows, cartoons, movies and comic books. The critical evaluation of the Aladdin movie depicts how hollywood vilifies people from the Middle East countries. In the film, the main character Aladdin is seen stealing loaf of bread and just when he sits down to eat, he gives the bread to a hungry child. Here, the stealing is justified. However, some touch of American value is also seen in the character of Aladdin. This is mostly because in Disney movies, main character has to be attractive to the audience. Hence, despite his origin from Middle East, he looks like an American. He was shown fighting violence and restoring order in Agrabah. He has fair complexion and proper American accent. His dreams and aspirations also embrace the idea of freedom and success. This is a positive attitude because this is basic nature of humanity and irrespective of peoples origin, everybody wants and seeks freedom from life of struggles and poverty. However, despite his aspiration, Aladdin was shown having little power and economic stability in li fe. One study also explained that the Middle East is often portrayed as a region of defeat and fundamentalism and the place lacks democracy, unity and modernity[6]. In the film Aladdin, many negative stereotypes related to Middle East and its culture is seen. Firstly, the depiction of Aladdin as a thief and living life in poverty reflects negative image about the inhabitants of the Middle East. Secondly, the director of the movie also showed negative characteristics of dictatorship, deception and violence among Arab people through the character of Jafar[7]. Jafar has been shown as conniving character with unattractive image. His features have been over exaggerated to reflect upon the Arabian ethnicity. There is evidence that according to American stereotypes, Middle East people are not real men and their eyes reveal deceptive motive. When reviewing several representation of Arab images in editorial pages and comic strips, dehumanized image is found.[8] The director also made all attempts to dehumanize the character of the film as far as possible. For instance, Jafar was given hooked nose, enlarged eyes and elongated neck to make him look evil. S econdly, his deceptive manner is reflected by the act of hypnotizing people in the movie. His desire of having control over Agrabah depicts his dictatorship idealism. Dictatorship was seen in Iraq during the rule of Saddam Hussein, however American people cannot associate every people living in Middle East to be character with negative attitude and intentions. Just like good and bad characters exist in each group or country, similar people are also found in Middle East. However, media has played a role in giving a whole dark image to the Middle East inhabitants. This is the reason why relationship with Middle East and West is never associated with peace and tranquility. The media rol in reporting about different wars and conflict in Iraq has caused strain in relationship between two sections of society. The manner in which these news are presented determine how American people view Middle East culture and society. However, media cannot be totally blamed because government and different companies of the West control media. The interest of these parties hampers the objective of news reporting and biasness in presenting events is found[9]. Just like the main character of Aladdin and negative character of Jafar, several events in the movie also reveals few stereotypes in the movie. Firstly, the movie shows Kazim, a bootlegger shows bootleggers who sell range of worthless objects to make a living. However, all the things that he choose are fake and no use to people. Therefore, the character of Jafar and Kazim exemplifies am untrustworthy personality. Secondly, several altercations of Jafar with Aladdin reflects his brutality and shrewdness. Audiences watching this film get the impression that Arabs have the tendency to engage in violence and use violence as a means to solve social issues or problems[10]. Similar to the film Aladdin, Orientalist view is also seen when Arabs and Middle East settings includes endless deserts, harem girls and belly dancers. This is an over-representation which gives the impression that there no computability of Middle East culture with Western morals. Therefore, regardless of the context and theme of any particular film, character portrayal in western films shows a never changing oddity of the Arabs compared to the other culture in the world. One study provided proof to the fact that large number of films depicts negative stereotypes of Middle East and those films are scarce which portrays positive stereotypes[11]. Another aspect seen in the Aladdin movie is that women in the film are highly sexualized. Jasmine has been presented as beautiful and exotic personality and her beauty attracts everyone. Apart from Jasmine, several other scenes also show that sexualization of women. For example, when Aladdin was rescuing royal guards after stealing staffs, he accidentally went into a room and in that room all women were half dressed. Apart from that, director visualizes the image of women by means of accentuating dresses to reveal their midriff. However, in reality, this portrayal is in complete contrast to the values and lifestyle of Middle East women. The cultural reality of the women of the Middle East is that they are completely covered and veiled. The males of Middle East cultures believe in protecting the sanctity of women. Although the movie also showed women in veils, however their clothes and revealing figures arouse sexual thoughts. Hence, they are acting as form of sexual seduction. Jasmin e has been represented as a royal women, however she is also used in the film for arousing sexual pleasures. A report also suggested that Westerners have seductive and mysterious image of the oriental women. However, according their religion and culture, women are personalities who preserve their dignity by all means. They do not engage in sexual arousal and moreover whole women from the community cannot be regarded as things of sexual interest[12]. As Aladdin is animated film by Disney Studios, audiences have been mesmerized by the movie. However, the depiction and portrayal of Middle East characters in the movie can also give a negative impression to the audience. The character portrayal of Aladdin and Jafar in the movie will gives the idea to the people that Middle East people are dishonest and engage in violent acts to solve their social issues. Secondly, audience also gets the impression that native people of Middle East live a life of poverty and struggles. They adopt dishonest means to fulfill their personal interest. Secondly, wrong portrayal of women is also seen which will give bad vibes of Middle East women to Western audience. There is biasness and negative stereotypes associated with these people, which is not socially and morally correct. As media has played a role in developing these negative stereotypes, they must also plan strategies to remove this form of malpractice in society. The essay summarizes the orientalist beliefs of the Western world by the critical analysis of the movie Aladdin. The critical evaluation of the character portrayal and depiction of culture in the movie revealed that the films indeed show negative stereotypes of Middle East people. The main character of the movie as well as the negative characters has been shows as having dehumanizing characters such as that of brutality, dictatorship, lack of honesty and lack of trustworthy behavior. Media has also played a role in embedding negative perceptions about Middle East in the minds of people. It is time to address this and engage in proper reporting and portrayal to ensure that discrimination and hate crimes among these people are addressed. Reference "Arab Portrayals in Film: A History of Stereotypes - Arab American Institute". in , , 2017, https://www.aaiusa.org/arab-portrayals-in-film-a-history-of-stereotypes [accessed 20 May 2017]. "Disney Movies and Racism / FrontPage". in , , 2017, https://disneyandmovies.pbworks.com/w/page/17905678/4%20Aladdinhttps://disneyandmovies.pbworks.com/w/page/17905678/4%20Aladdin [accessed 20 May 2017]. "Review for Aladdin (1992)". in , , 2017, https://www.imdb.com/reviews/16/1618.html [accessed 20 May 2017]. Afshar, Haleh, ed.Women in the Middle East: perceptions, realities and struggles for liberation. Springer, 2016. Alsultany, Evelyn. "Conflating Arab and Muslim Identities."The Routledge Companion to Media and Race(2016). Avraham, Eli, and Eran Ketter.Tourism Marketing for Developing Countries: Battling Stereotypes and Crises in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Springer, 2016. Ewert, Jolene. "A Tale as Old as Time-An analysis of negative stereotypes in Disney Princess Movies."Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences13.1 (2014). Fawcett, Louise.International relations of the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2013. Mohamed, Eid.Arab Occidentalism: Images of America in the Middle East. IB Tauris, 2015. Prayag, Girish, and Sameer Hosany. "When Middle East meets West: Understanding the motives and perceptions of young tourists from United Arab Emirates."Tourism Management 40 (2014): 35-45. Saha, Anamik. "Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation after 9/11, by Evelyn Alsultany: New York, NY: New York University Press, 2013, ISBN 9780814707326, 239 pages, 23.00(paperback);ISBN9780814707319,239pages, 75.00 (hardback)." (2014): 65-68.

Pythagoras Essays - Pythagoreans, Ancient Greek Philosophers

Pythagoras Pythagoras of Samos is often described as the first pure mathematician. He is an extremely important figure in the development of mathematics yet we know relatively little about his mathematical achievements. Unlike many later Greek mathematicians, where at least we have some of the books which they wrote, we have nothing of Pythagoras's writings. The society which he led, half religious and half scientific, followed a code of secrecy which certainly means that today Pythagoras is a mysterious figure. We do have details of Pythagoras's life from early biographies which use important original sources yet are written by authors who attribute divine powers to him, and whose aim was to present him as a god-like figure. What we present below is an attempt to collect together the most reliable sources to reconstruct an account of Pythagoras's life. There is fairly good agreement on the main events of his life but most of the dates are disputed with different scholars giving dates which differ by 20 years. Some historians treat all this information as merely legends but, even if the reader treats it in this way, being such an early record it is of historical importance. Pythagoras's father was Mnesarchus ([12] and [13]), while his mother was Pythais [8] and she was a native of Samos. Mnesarchus was a merchant who came from Tyre, and there is a story ([12] and [13]) that he brought corn to Samos at a time of famine and was granted citizenship of Samos as a mark of gratitude. As a child Pythagoras spent his early years in Samos but travelled widely with his father. There are accounts of Mnesarchus returning to Tyre with Pythagoras and that he was taught there by the Chaldaeans and the learned men of Syria. It seems that he also visited Italy with his father. Little is known of Pythagoras's childhood. All accounts of his physical appearance are likely to be fictitious except the description of a striking birthmark which Pythagoras had on his thigh. It is probable that he had two brothers although some sources say that he had three. Certainly he was well educated, learning to play the lyre, learning poetry and to recite Homer. There were, among his teachers, three philosophers who were to influence Pythagoras while he was a young man. One of the most important was Pherekydes who many describe as the teacher of Pythagoras. The other two philosophers who were to influence Pythagoras, and to introduce him to mathematical ideas, were Thales and his pupil Anaximander who both lived on Miletus. In [8] it is said that Pythagoras visited Thales in Miletus when he was between 18 and 20 years old. By this time Thales was an old man and, although he created a strong impression on Pythagoras, he probably did not teach him a great deal. However he did contribute to Pythagoras's interest in mathematics and astronomy, and advised him to travel to Egypt to learn more of these subjects. Thales's pupil, Anaximander, lectured on Miletus and Pythagoras attended these lectures. Anaximander certainly was interested in geometry and cosmology and many of his ideas would influence Pythagoras's own views. In about 535 BC Pythagoras went to Egypt. This happened a few years after the tyrant Polycrates seized control of the city of Samos. There is some evidence to suggest that Pythagoras and Polycrates were friendly at first and it is claimed [5] that Pythagoras went to Egypt with a letter of introduction written by Polycrates. In fact Polycrates had an alliance with Egypt and there were therefore strong links between Samos and Egypt at this time. The accounts of Pythagoras's time in Egypt suggest that he visited many of the temples and took part in many discussions with the priests. According to Porphyry ([12] and [13]) Pythagoras was refused admission to all the temples except the one at Diospolis where he was accepted into the priesthood after completing the rites necessary for admission. It is not difficult to relate many of Pythagoras's beliefs, ones he would later impose on the society that he set up in Italy, to the customs that he came across in Egypt. For example the secrecy of the Egyptian priests, their refusal to eat beans, their refusal to wear even cloths made from animal skins, and their striving for purity were all customs that Pythagoras would later adopt. Porphyry in [12] and [13] says that Pythagoras learnt geometry from the Egyptians but it is likely that he was already acquainted with geometry, certainly after teachings from Thales

The Require Method in Ruby

The Require Method in Ruby In order to create reusable components, ones that can be easily used in other programs, a programming language must have some way of smoothly importing that code at run-time. In Ruby, the require method is used to load another file and execute all its statements. This serves to import all class and method definitions in the file. In addition to simply executing all of the statements in the file, the require method also keeps track of which files have been previously required and, thus, will not require a file twice. Using the 'require' Method The require method takes the name of the file to require, as a string, as a single argument. This can either be a path to the file, such as ./lib/some_library.rb or a shortened name, such as some_library. If the argument is a path and complete filename, the require method will look there for the file. However, if the argument is a shortened name, the require method will search through a number of pre-defined directories on your system for that file. Using the shortened name is the most common way of using the require method. The following example demonstrates how to use the require statement. The file test_library.rb is in the first code block. This file prints a message and defines a new class. The second code block is the file test_program.rb. This file loads the test_library.rb file using the require method and creates a new TestClass object. puts test_library includedclass TestClassdef initializeputs TestClass object createdendend #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire test_library.rbt TestClass.new Avoid Name Clashes When writing reusable components, its best not to declare many variables in the global scope outside any classes or methods or by using the $ prefix. This is to prevent something called namespace pollution. If you declare too many names, another program or library might declare the same name and cause a name clash. When two completely unrelated libraries start changing each others variables accidentally, things will break seemingly at random. This is a very difficult bug to track down and its best just to avoid it. To avoid name clashes, you can enclose everything in your library inside of a module statement. This will require people to refer to your classes and method by a fully qualified name such as MyLibrary::my_method, but its worth it since name clashes generally wont occur. For people who want to have all of your class and method names in the global scope, they can do that using the include statement. The following example repeats the previous example but encloses everything in a MyLibrary module. Two versions of my_program.rb are given; one that uses the include statement and one that does not. puts test_library includedmodule MyLibraryclass TestClassdef initializeputs TestClass object createdendendend #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire test_library2.rbt MyLibrary::TestClass.new #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire test_library2.rbinclude MyLibraryt TestClass.new Avoid Absolute Paths Because reusable components often get moved around, its also best not to use absolute paths in your require calls. An absolute path is a path like /home/user/code/library.rb. Youll notice that the file must be in that exact location in order to work. If the script is ever moved or your home directory ever changes, that require statement will stop working. Instead of absolute paths, its often common to create a ./lib directory in your Ruby programs directory. The ./lib directory is added to the $LOAD_PATH variable which stores the directories in which the require method searches for Ruby files. After that, if the file my_library.rb is stored in the lib directory, it can be loaded into your program with a simple require my_library statement. The following example is the same as the previous test_program.rb examples. However, it assumes the test_library.rb file is stored in the ./lib directory and loads it using the method described above. #!/usr/bin/env ruby$LOAD_PATH ./librequire test_library.rbt TestClass.new

Quotes from James K. Polk

Quotes from James K. Polk Read the words of James K. Polk, the eleventh President of the United States.   No President who performs his duties faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure. Foreign powers do not seem to appreciate the true character of our government. There is more selfishness and less principle among members of Congress...than I had any conception of, before I became President of the U.S. In executing this power by levying a tariff of duties for the support of Government, the raising of revenue should be the object and protection the incident. To reverse this principle and make protection the object and revenue the incident would be to inflict manifest injustice upon all other than the protected interests. Well may the boldest fear and the wisest tremble when incurring responsibilities on which may depend our countrys peace and prosperity, and in some degree the hopes and happiness of the whole human family. I cannot, whilst President of the United States, descend to enter into a newspaper controversy. I prefer to supervise the whole operations of Government myself rather than entrust the public business to subordinates and this makes my duties very great. Well may the boldest fear and the wisest tremble when incurring responsibilities on which may depend our countrys peace and prosperity, and in some degree the hopes and happiness of the whole human family. Although in our country the Chief Magistrate must almost of necessity be chosen by a party and stand pledged to its principles and measures, yet in his official action he should not be the President of a party only, but of the whole people of the United States. The world has nothing to fear from military ambition in our Government. While the Chief Magistrate and the popular branch of Congress are elected for short terms by the suffrages of those millions who must in their own persons bear all the burdens and miseries of war, our Government can not be otherwise than pacific.

Philosophy of Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Time - Essay Example On the other hand, Isaac Newton defined a number of significant ideas including that of time. Even though he understood that clocks were imperfect and measuring time was subjected to human fault, he believed that absolute time was comparable to a worldwide, supreme God-like time, one similar to everyone, in all places; people would experience time in a similar manner no matter the place. Since chronological time is solely somewhat adequate in an experiential sense and totally inadequate to clutch the meaning of aging, there is need to combine both a broader cultural and a personal sense to revive other temporal perspectives. The aim of both perspectives, symbolized in the main positions of Augustine, Aristotle, the existential philosopher Heidegger, and phenomenologist Husserl, has been to make up time as such from their views. There are benefits that an individual might derive from philosophy of time. First there is a clear relationship between the human mind and time. St Augustine adopted a subjective opinion of time stating, "It is in you, O my mind, that I measure time,† (St. Augustine) meaning that human mind actually structures a person’s perception so that he can know the fact that time is likened to a mathematical line. In this theory therefore, I believe that time is a form of conscious knowledge, and people’s sense of it is a vital condition of their sensation or experience. Philosophy of time is important in planning for the past, the present, and the future. C.S. Lewis argues that our life changes with time. He articulated that "The duration of consciousness is not the same as the consciousness of duration." (C.S. Lewis). One moment disappears when another moment sets in and this is what gives room for noticeable developments in one’s life. This arrangement is not the only way that life is experienced by each one of us, but also the way by which all things happen or exist. We tend to assume that everything happens just the way we wish it to happen, when time elapses. Philosophy of time is a crucial factor in each one’s life. Life comes with it the opportunity to discover the livelihood of a person, to learn about anything, and to relate with nature. Modern society has an impact on the daily lives of individuals and therefore, the sense of efficiency result in increased responsibilities and tasks, which must be completed within a short time. No wonder Marcus Aurelius stated, "If you want to stop wasting your life in vain fantasies, perform every act in life as though it were your last," (Marcus Aurelius) to mean that people should not spend much of their time thinking of impossibilities, but rather use that chance to the maximum and to their best. People need to employ their time wisely, avoiding too much hurry to pause and taste life; they should never loss their sense of the extensive value of a single minute. In the Zen philosophy and time nature, William Blake is quoted attributing, - "The essence of Zen is to learn to do just one thing at a time" (William Blake). In my understanding, this implies that people ought to learn to live like ancient philosophers, by having specifications in their daily chores. Lacking this kind of philosophical thought of time may mess up an individual’s activities. Doing too much at ago violates the meaning and significance of how wisely a person should utilize time. Striving to achieve every goal at ago may only lead

Economic Region - The Lower Mainland Region of British Columbia Assignment

Economic Region - The Lower Mainland Region of British Columbia - Assignment Example The Lower Mainland locale is profoundly incorporated, administration situated livelihood is more moved in the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Monetary action in the Lower Mainland area is required to hold enduring through 2013 on moderate work picks up and unassuming development in lodging movement. The trends in the growth of employment in the Lower Mainland have been stronger than different regions in the area, and ideal with respect to other significant markets in Canada. The Province of British Columbia offers a stable political and monetary environment. The political pendulum in British Columbia never swings too far and it follows a course that means to adjust financial, social, and ecological investments. The economy of the province is anticipated to increase by 79 percent between 2011 and 2041, as GDP goes from $170.8 billion to $305.6 billion, contrasted with 102 percent development in the course of recent decades, complete employment in the Lower Mainland region is anticipated to increase by 57 percent over the advancing three decades including more than 816,000 net new employment. This total development would be the result yearly job expansions averaging, contrasted with a normal of 2.4 percent every year in the course of recent decades, 2.0 percent growth over the advancing three decades. Livelihood is required to increase more gradually in the impending years than it has generally, an obstruction to attaining growth in employment in future will be the capacity of the provincial work power to keep pace with the expanding interest for labourers. The workforce is expected to grow by 1.4 percent every year while along with a 1.5 percent employment increase every year, hence, a declining unemployment rate. Given the standpoint for the supply of, and interest for, employees, the Lower Mainland’s unemployment rate would fall back towards four percent through the following decade, with the area having last encountered this level of unemployment in 2007-2008.  Ã‚  

Automobile Industry Essay Example for Free

Automobile Industry Essay †¢Key drivers of the automobile sector are economic conditions, governments and regulations, consumer demands and interests, globalization and technological innovations †¢Generally, if the economic conditions are constant and good, people will seems willing to buy vehicles more than ever in all around world. In contrast, if economic conditions are bad, sales graphs will reverse and companies start to lose money. Firms should decide right production numbers in every condition and this capacity exactly depends on economic circumstances. †¢People are more conscious about what they except from a car and firms must satisfy these needs to survive in this sector. Even luxury automotive brands start to produce low fuel consumptions engines, otherwise they will collapse rapidly. †¢As usual, globalization is one of the crucial key drivers of automobile industry like every sector. After the globalization, brands start to do partnerships with each other to enter the different markets and they develop new technological innovations more cheap and useful all around the world. †¢In addition to these factors, governments’ regulations are one of the major determinants of global auto industry. The country’s’ legislation about emissions, environment and recycling are the key factors of brands investments. In European Union, the mutual regulations order that emission rate is lower than other regions and as a result of that firms should produce accordingly to these legislations. The Automobile Market †¢The automobile industry has become important after the globalization because people want to travel with more comfortably, safely and rapidly with their cars. Concordantly, while automobile sector is developing in every part of it, the global transportation sector benefit from positively. For instance; Rolls-Royce is producing both plane and car motors and Volvo is producing car and sea boats engines too. So, firms help to enlarge and develop in every transportation tools, not only cars. †¢The automobile industry consists of fuel, tire, and insurance firms. Also, mostly the luxurious brands are working with ranking fashion companies such as; Gucci(Fiat) and Hermes(Bugatti) and sound system companies like as; Bang Olufsen (Audi, Mercedes, BMW, Aston Martin) and Naim (Bentley). †¢On the other hand, after the globalization, automobile brands start to work together in some regions all around the world. They invest more money on RD departments and sharing their knowledge to improve all transportation vehicles. †¢Germany, United States, Japan and Korean producers are the bestsellers all around the world. These countries mostly take control all over the world. Such as: Volkswagen is one of the biggest companies in automobile sector and it has got several brands such as; Audi, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti and Seat. Company produces car for every segment. †¢In addition, especially for the last decade, market start to tend to produce more clean motors which do not harm to the environment. Also, they try to produce completely using electricity engines for all vehicles and using solar panels. As a result of that, the concept of climate change cause occurs a new market in automobile sector. Key Country Markets †¢In this chapter of report, I will mention about Japan, United States, Germany and Korean automotive producers because Toyota and Honda from Japan are the best and most well-known brands, Volkswagen from Germany is the head of locomotive in this industry for all parts of it, GM and Ford are the biggest companies from United states and Hyundai, which is becoming more powerful in everyday from Korea. †¢Volkswagen is the second best seller in 2012 after the GM and they are in front of Toyota. Generally, German cars are best vehicles that showed by automobile specialists from all over the word in every segment. Volkswagen, (if we look at the Exhibit 1) has got several different brands like; Lamborghini, Bentley, Audi, Bugatti, Skoda and Seat. They have product range from low-consumption cars to the luxury vehicles, as a result of that they are producing well- quality vehicles. †¢Toyota and Honda are the most favorable brands from Japan against to American and German manufacturers. Toyota Corolla is the world’s best seller mass production model and Toyota has got successful models as like Corolla too. In addition, Honda is one of the biggest and accomplished gasoline engine producers. Also, these two Japan brands are investing their money on hybrid and electric motor more than ever other brands. †¢GM is best seller brand in 2011, they sold approximately ten million cars and they have got various vehicle models. GM has got various brands such as; Chevrolet, Opel, Vauxhall, GMC, Buick and Cadillac. Also Ford is the one of the biggest key driver of the market. †¢Hyundai is one of the most developing auto brands for last decade. They start to produce well engines, comfortable and good looking cars. On the other hand, Hyundai is one of the biggest partnerships of Kia (%49. 2) which is the second biggest brand from Korea. †¢As we can see clearly, these 6 brands from 4 country of the world are the leaders of this sector. Also, they own various brands in their group and they are using this superiority against to the other brands. Sector Trends †¢Brands should produce low-consumption engines and obey emission and governments’ regulations to survive. †¢Nearly all automotive producers are using same technology on their vehicles; they need to work on these researches together to be more beneficial for humanity. For instance; Mercedes-Benz and BMW are sharing RD departments studies with each other and both of them working together to develop new technologies. †¢People are expecting more useful cars from producers like, they want both athletic and reliable vehicles, as a result of that firms has got new opportunities to create new model segments based on these requirements. †¢Transportation vehicles are developing in every day and automobiles is one of the crucial parts of this situation. Firms are increasing their sales number in every year and they need to satisfy their customers’ requirements in a perfect way. †¢Climate change is one of the determinants of this sector, so firms should pay attention to this issue seriously, they need to obey governments’ regulations and produce new technologies which will be not harmful for nature. †¢Hybrid and electric engines will be the most popular trends in this sector next decades; people would prefer clean engines and low-priced energy, so sector must be improved itself rapidly. Key Success Factor. †¢In this sector there are several success factor which is decided by people and worlds’ requirements; †¢Firms must produce more secure cars because, if we compare transportation systems, motorway is the most dangerous one and, the number of accidents’ proofs it. Brands should work together on security services. For instance; Volvo which is one of the securest brand on the world, claims that after 2020, any people will die in a traffic accident that drive a Volvo. †¢Engines success based on the fuel-efficiency, not harmful for the environment and being long-life. These conditions should be priority for brands RD departments. †¢Practicality needs to be developing parallel with previous items. People do not want to send various tools in the future; they will only buy contently vehicles. The Future Outlook and Expectations of Automobile Sector †¢People will need cars in the future more than now, producers’ need to satisfy this demand with new technology engines, they should create alternative energy resources which will be not harmful for the environment and firms need to develop safety features to prevent traffic accidents. †¢In the future people need transportation systems because of the longer distances, in every transportation way need to develop it. †¢Brands need to improve driverless vehicles because market will tend in that way. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW The Automotive Industry Overview The automotive industry is one of the crucial sectors for humanity and it has been developing from industrial revolution to now. After the first engine was discovered in 1885 by Karl Benz, engineers found various inventions to make easier of people life. Industry had developed too much nowadays, engineers work on different technological tools and they need to show pay attention many different regulations in today’s world. At the beginning, the most important part was the engine but now automotive industry involves a wide range of business lines such as; manufacture, design, development, marketing and selling motor vehicles, motorcycles. Last year, there were approximately one billion cars which are registered on the world and this number is increasing sharply year by year. Parallel with that, consumes gasoline and diesel fuel multiply with every new car addict to the traffic. On the other hand, this sector employees thousands of people and creates new opportunities to undeveloped countries. In addition to these information’s about automobile sector, we should absolutely mention about the economy of which it creates and process. Currently, mostly the all automotive brands are owned by developed countries and they made their substructure investments all around the world, especially undeveloped countries. After the globalization, firms decide to set-up their factories at low skilled labor force countries. However, this decision affects both sides positively, producer’s limits cost and undeveloped countries’ economies start to develop. According to the OICA (The International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers that, â€Å"If vehicle manufacturing was a country it would be sixth largest economy in the world. † in 2007. This shows that the contribution of automobile industry to the undeveloped countries’ economies. Also, the industries turnover 2 trillion dollars and if we comparing of this turnover of GDP with other economies in the world, proof that it can compete economic power of Italy, France or the UK. India is one of the greatest examples of the success at their economic improvement. Tata Motors, which Indian automobile brand owned Jaguar and Land Rover last year and they developed it perfectly in 2 years. After these 2 years, Jaguar and Land Rover increased their profitability nearly in half and when we think about these two brands are luxury brands, these numbers are spectacular. On the other hand, firms expanding nearly 85 billion dollars on Research Development departments. These budgets shaped by customer’s demand, so this sector is one of the innovative ones and it still produce new technologies. However, automobile sector has got unfavorable situations like; economic crises. If we make a research about when firms sales numbers decreased or companies made loss we will realize that on that era, world or the some regions is in economic crises. For instance; last biggest economic crises in 2008, when we look at the production number, it will decrease nearly %12. 7 compare to the previous year. These numbers are same with the other economic crises and automobile sector affect from them firstly. Key Country Markets United States. Todays’ world America is the one of the world’s biggest automotive producer with two brand; GM and Ford. GM has got various sub-brands in itself from different segments. These two brands sell their cars all over the world and both of them are most knowable automobile producers. However, in 2008, worlds’ biggest economic crises occurred GM was nearly bankrupt in an unbelievable way. This means, world would lost one of the old and essential brands, thousands of people would lost their job and American economy got hurt again after the Lehman Brothers. Hopefully; government decided to help GM and they saved the firm quickly. Japan Toyota is the most valuable automobile producer in the world; its net value is 131 billion dollars. Also one of the models, Corolla is the best seller model one the world and it has been sold nearly forty million from 1966 to 2012. In addition to the Toyota, Honda is another successful Japan auto brand too. They have got accomplished sales numbers and firm is producing one of the best gasoline engines. According to the consumers, Toyota could be the best competitor against to the German auto makers. Firm is producing in same quality with Germans but they are selling them cheaper than German brands. This is Toyotas’ major successful strategy also, company uses Japans’ engineering and technology which is the worlds’ best ones. They produced worlds’ first hybrid car and investing a huge part of their money on electric, clean and cheap motors. Germany The locomotive of the industry is Volkswagen right now and it will not change for two or three decades. Only the Volkswagens’ value is 76. 3 billion dollars and company has got several brands like; Audi (28. 5 billion$), Porsche (15.3billion$), Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Seat and Skoda. This German brand is producing most usable models with low-consumption engines, low prices and the safety of German engineering. Volkswagen is shaping the trends of the industry and other brands are following it right now. Firm has got different models from every consumer group and they make it an opportunity to be successful in the future. Korean Asia’s’ economy is the world’s fastest growing economy in nowadays. They are growing better than Europe and United States, as a result of those brands of this region are developing too. Hyundai is only the one of them; they are creating new models, developing current models and enter new markets. The firm move considerably forward when we compare a decade ago, their substructure and technological systems improver very well, also; they are producing more reliable and comfortable vehicles. This Korean brand will be one of the serious auto brands in the future if they are going in that way. Economic Impact of Automobile Sector The automotive industry has a big impact on every economy, it consist nearly every economy in the world. Every country in the world has got a part from this sector and thousands of people work in this industry. It is really crucial for transportation sector because, firms are using or developing same motors on different transportation vehicles. On the other hand, auto sector has got great impact on countries economy. If a country has got a factory or some service area about this sector, it will include a huge part of country’s’ economy. For instance; America worked really hard to save GM from the 2008 economic crises, they spend too much money because, if GM bankrupted, America’s economy will affect in deeply (if we look at Exhibit 3). Also, Ford decide to sale Aston Martin and Volvo at this era, these two brand had not good sales number and they will be harmful for the company if they do not sale them. Automobile brands have a great impact on country’s economy just like banks, executives should be careful about this issue seriously because it can be affect from economic crises easily so, they need to take a decision in long-term. Market Segmentation The automobile industry has a got long operation process; it has various segments in it. Firstly, R D department research what people need or what they want from a vehicle. After that, this part start to make prototypes or create stereotypes which engineers and designers can build on these examples. Designers work on cars aerodynamic, shape and how it looks. In addition, engineers work on substructure parts of the car such as; lights, engine, transmission and safety systems. While they are producing this prototype, they do various tests on car and finally they can send it to the dealers. Dealers, order number of cars and they prepare launches to introduce cars to the customers. After the sale of car, the service department starts to interest with car. They call them to the services periodically and customers can visit them anytime they have a problem with their car. Consequently, this industry has got major segment such as; R D department, designing and crating new technologies, before sale and bring together with market and customers. Finally, service department take care about our cars problem. Five Force Analyses Threats of New Entrants The automobile sector is could be most risky market on the world because you need to much money to invest on it, heritage is really important for customers and this sector is the first sector that affected from economic crises. Otherwise, without any new technology or price policy you will not survive much long and if someone decides to build up an automobile company, he/she will definitely work with local government. On the other hand, if someone wants to get this sector, he/she has got a change with new technological features. For instance; Fisker and Tesla are the new entrants at this sector and they invest their money on clean, hybrid and electrical engines. They also try to design good-looking car with solar panels and other recyclable energies. Bargaining Power of Suppliers In this case bargaining power of suppliers is not really strong. It is not powerful as healthcare sector or another sector because if people do not want to buy a private car, they can choose other transportation ways or the can choose nothing. However, in healthcare sector people absolutely need doctors, hospitals or medicine to survive but it is not same for this sector. In addition, globalization affect make peoples’ life easier and humans are used to it and buying a private car became a priority after purchasing a house. Generally, if a person owns a house, he/she will buy a car with how much money he/she got. This is the strongest part of the sector; unfortunately it has got negatives parts too. Bargaining Power of Buyers These sectors’ trends and demand is shaped by customer’s preferences, so the bargaining power of buyers is really strong. If humans do not like a model, they will not buy it and producers stop to produce it but if they like it producer need to produce it as much as it can to be successful. Right now, the demand on this sector is low-consumption engines and be not harmful to the environment so producers start to produce models and engines in this way, otherwise they cannot be able to sell a car. Availability of Substitutes In automobile industry, the availability of substitutes is not actually but there is only one way to change it is create new substructure concepts in the sector. For instance; Tesla and Fisker do that in a perfect way, they only focus on hybrid and electric engines and people recognize them with these concepts at everywhere. You cannot change industry but you can be able to change its direction. Intensity of Existing Rivalry There are many brands on the market, even in one country own more than one automobile brand, as a result of that the intensity of existing rivalry is really high. As I mentioned before that, there are five leader brands in the market but other big or small brands are successful as like them too. The most important think is the design of the automobile but now it has got no meaning because firms are usually work with same designers and models are not changing too much even in different brands. However, the most competitive concept is price policy according to the government’s tax payments systems. Key Success Factors for Automobile Sector There are different types of key success factor for automobile sector are based on the region, substructure features, purchase power. Producers need to show pay attention to these factors because it will determinate their sales numbers and profitability. The most important factor knows the region very well. I mean dealers and head quarter of the brand should be aware of the consumers’ requirements. Also they need to sale cars which are not be against to the governments’ legislations. For instance; European Union has got sharp and certain laws about carbon dioxide emission, so dealers need to focus on engines which are consuming few. However, United States not sign Kyoto Protocol, so they do not have any legislation for emissions right now, dealers can focus on high mass engines. In addition to the region, substructure features are crucial for auto makers because people always want to buy a car which has got advanced features even they will never use them. However, conscious consumer will demand low-consumption engines and brands need to produce engines according to that demand. In other words, firms need to decide their target audience perfectly and producing substructure features with these conditions. Lastly, the third factor is purchase power. In my opinion, this factor is the most crucial determinant in this sector because every brand starts to produce in same quality vehicles. However they need to know country’s economies and sale their models in that way (if we look at Exhibit 4). For instance; America one of the highest purchase power countries in the world and they really like to own cool, luxurious and spectacular cars, they can buy two three or even more than these number cars. In contrast, European nations have got the same purchase power but they want to buy one or two cars and they are looking to being useful, low consumption and quality vehicles. The Future of Automobile Sector In the future, transportation systems will be developing in all around the world because people want to move from A to B faster, comfortably, safely and cheaply. Producers need to know these requirements and produce car with these features. Firstly, brands need to focus on low-consumption cars, I mean hybrid and electric engines because they are cheaper than current technology and governments provide laws for this situation. Secondly, they need to produce safety cars than now because people will demand on secure system in the future. On the other hand, they need to produce usable cars such as Audis’ All Road, they have been developed for all road conditions and you can use them only in one car. Consequently, people will never forget or reject driving a car but producers need to answer climate, people and governments requirements. If someone produce a car with low price and costs with cover a long distance in a comfortably they will become the most successful brand in the world.